全文小结：
- 1、100分悬赏英文介绍牛顿生平的文章
- 2、谁有霍金的英文介绍？
- 3、L8-U3-P1 英语流利说 8-3-1 懂你英语 Level8 Unit3 Part1：Evolving Our Bodies
- 4、求塞纳河和卢浮宫的英文介绍
- 5、外研版高中英语必修2单词表
- 6、改为定语从句并且翻译
100分悬赏英文介绍牛顿生平的文章
Newton, Sir Isaac (1642-1727), mathematician and physicist, one of the foremost scientific intellects of all time. Born at Woolsthorpe, near Grantham in Lincolnshire, where he attended school, he entered Cambridge University in 1661; he was elected a Fellow of Trinity College in 1667, and Lucasian Professor of Mathematics in 1669. He remained at the university, lecturing in most years, until 1696. Of these Cambridge years, in which Newton was at the height of his creative power, he singled out 1665-1666 (spent largely in Lincolnshire because of plague in Cambridge) as "the prime of my age for invention". During two to three years of intense mental effort he prepared Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica (Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy) commonly known as the Principia, although this was not published until 1687.
As a firm opponent of the attempt by King James II to make the universities into Catholic institutions, Newton was elected Member of Parliament for the University of Cambridge to the Convention Parliament of 1689, and sat again in 1701-1702. Meanwhile, in 1696 he had moved to London as Warden of the Royal Mint. He became Master of the Mint in 1699, an office he retained to his death. He was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society of London in 1671, and in 1703 he became President, being annually re-elected for the rest of his life. His major work, Opticks, appeared the next year; he was knighted in Cambridge in 1705.
As Newtonian science became increasingly accepted on the Continent, and especially after a general peace was restored in 1714, following the War of the Spanish Succession, Newton became the most highly esteemed natural philosopher in Europe. His last decades were passed in revising his major works, polishing his studies of ancient history, and defending himself against critics, as well as carrying out his official duties. Newton was modest, diffident, and a man of simple tastes. He was angered by criticism or opposition, and harboured resentment; he was harsh towards enemies but generous to friends. In government, and at the Royal Society, he proved an able administrator. He never married and lived modestly, but was buried with great pomp in Westminster Abbey.
Newton has been regarded for almost 300 years as the founding examplar of modern physical science, his achievements in experimental investigation being as innovative as those in mathematical research. With equal, if not greater, energy and originality he also plunged into chemistry, the early history of Western civilization, and theology; among his special studies was an investigation of the form and dimensions, as described in the Bible, of Solomon's Temple in Jerusalem.
II OPTICS
In 1664, while still a student, Newton read recent work on optics and light by the English physicists Robert Boyle and Robert Hooke; he also studied both the mathematics and the physics of the French philosopher and scientist René Descartes. He investigated the refraction of light by a glass prism; developing over a few years a series of increasingly elaborate, refined, and exact experiments, Newton discovered measurable, mathematical patterns in the phenomenon of colour. He found white light to be a mixture of infinitely varied coloured rays (manifest in the rainbow and the spectrum), each ray definable by the angle through which it is refracted on entering or leaving a given transparent medium. He correlated this notion with his study of the interference colours of thin films (for example, of oil on water, or soap bubbles), using a simple technique of extreme acuity to measure the thickness of such films. He held that light consisted of streams of minute particles. From his experiments he could infer the magnitudes of the transparent "corpuscles" forming the surfaces of bodies, which, according to their dimensions, so interacted with white light as to reflect, selectively, the different observed colours of those surfaces.
The roots of these unconventional ideas were with Newton by about 1668; when first expressed (tersely and partially) in public in 1672 and 1675, they provoked hostile criticism, mainly because colours were thought to be modified forms of homogeneous white light. Doubts, and Newton's rejoinders, were printed in the learned journals. Notably, the scepticism of Christiaan Huygens and the failure of the French physicist Edmé Mariotte to duplicate Newton's refraction experiments in 1681 set scientists on the Continent against him for a generation. The publication of Opticks, largely written by 1692, was delayed by Newton until the critics were dead. The book was still imperfect: the colours of diffraction defeated Newton. Nevertheless, Opticks established itself, from about 1715, as a model of the interweaving of theory with quantitative experimentation.
III MATHEMATICS
In mathematics too, early brilliance appeared in Newton's student notes. He may have learnt geometry at school, though he always spoke of himself as self-taught; certainly he advanced through studying the writings of his compatriots William Oughtred and John Wallis, and of Descartes and the Dutch school. Newton made contributions to all branches of mathematics then studied, but is especially famous for his solutions to the contemporary problems in analytical geometry of drawing tangents to curves (differentiation) and defining areas bounded by curves (integration). Not only did Newton discover that these problems were inverse to each other, but he discovered general methods of resolving problems of curvature, embraced in his "method of fluxions" and "inverse method of fluxions", respectively equivalent to Leibniz's later differential and integral calculus. Newton used the term "fluxion" (from Latin meaning "flow") because he imagined a quantity "flowing" from one magnitude to another. Fluxions were expressed algebraically, as Leibniz's differentials were, but Newton made extensive use also (especially in the Principia) of analogous geometrical arguments. Late in life, Newton expressed regret for the algebraic style of recent mathematical progress, preferring the geometrical method of the Classical Greeks, which he regarded as clearer and more rigorous.
Newton's work on pure mathematics was virtually hidden from all but his correspondents until 1704, when he published, with Opticks, a tract on the quadrature of curves (integration) and another on the classification of the cubic curves. His Cambridge lectures, delivered from about 1673 to 1683, were published in 1707.
The Calculus Priority Dispute
Newton had the essence of the methods of fluxions by 1666. The first to become known, privately, to other mathematicians, in 1668, was his method of integration by infinite series. In Paris in 1675 Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz independently evolved the first ideas of his differential calculus, outlined to Newton in 1677. Newton had already described some of his mathematical discoveries to Leibniz, not including his method of fluxions. In 1684 Leibniz published his first paper on calculus; a small group of mathematicians took up his ideas.
In the 1690s Newton's friends proclaimed the priority of Newton's methods of fluxions. Supporters of Leibniz asserted that he had communicated the differential method to Newton, although Leibniz had claimed no such thing. Newtonians then asserted, rightly, that Leibniz had seen papers of Newton's during a London visit in 1676; in reality, Leibniz had taken no notice of material on fluxions. A violent dispute sprang up, part public, part private, extended by Leibniz to attacks on Newton's theory of gravitation and his ideas about God and creation; it was not ended even by Leibniz's death in 1716. The dispute delayed the reception of Newtonian science on the Continent, and dissuaded British mathematicians from sharing the researches of Continental colleagues for a century.
IV MECHANICS AND GRAVITATION
According to the well-known story, it was on seeing an apple fall in his orchard at some time during 1665 or 1666 that Newton conceived that the same force governed the motion of the Moon and the apple. He calculated the force needed to hold the Moon in its orbit, as compared with the force pulling an object to the ground. He also calculated the centripetal force needed to hold a stone in a sling, and the relation between the length of a pendulum and the time of its swing. These early explorations were not soon exploited by Newton, though he studied astronomy and the problems of planetary motion.
Correspondence with Hooke (1679-1680) redirected Newton to the problem of the path of a body subjected to a centrally directed force that varies as the inverse square of the distance; he determined it to be an ellipse, so informing Edmond Halley in August 1684. Halley's interest led Newton to demonstrate the relationship afresh, to compose a brief tract on mechanics, and finally to write the Principia.
Book I of the Principia states the foundations of the science of mechanics, developing upon them the mathematics of orbital motion round centres of force. Newton identified gravitation as the fundamental force controlling the motions of the celestial bodies. He never found its cause. To contemporaries who found the idea of attractions across empty space unintelligible, he conceded that they might prove to be caused by the impacts of unseen particles.
Book II inaugurates the theory of fluids: Newton solves problems of fluids in movement and of motion through fluids. From the density of air he calculated the speed of sound waves.
Book III shows the law of gravitation at work in the universe: Newton demonstrates it from the revolutions of the six known planets, including the Earth, and their satellites. However, he could never quite perfect the difficult theory of the Moon's motion. Comets were shown to obey the same law; in later editions, Newton added conjectures on the possibility of their return. He calculated the relative masses of heavenly bodies from their gravitational forces, and the oblateness of Earth and Jupiter, already observed. He explained tidal ebb and flow and the precession of the equinoxes from the forces exerted by the Sun and Moon. All this was done by exact computation.
Newton's work in mechanics was accepted at once in Britain, and universally after half a century. Since then it has been ranked among humanity's greatest achievements in abstract thought. It was extended and perfected by others, notably Pierre Simon de Laplace, without changing its basis and it survived into the late 19th century before it began to show signs of failing. See Quantum Theory; Relativity.
V ALCHEMY AND CHEMISTRY
Newton left a mass of manuscripts on the subjects of alchemy and chemistry, then closely related topics. Most of these were extracts from books, bibliographies, dictionaries, and so on, but a few are original. He began intensive experimentation in 1669, continuing till he left Cambridge, seeking to unravel the meaning that he hoped was hidden in alchemical obscurity and mysticism. He sought understanding of the nature and structure of all matter, formed from the "solid, massy, hard, impenetrable, movable particles" that he believed God had created. Most importantly in the "Queries" appended to "Opticks" and in the essay "On the Nature of Acids" (1710), Newton published an incomplete theory of chemical force, concealing his exploration of the alchemists, which became known a century after his death.
VI HISTORICAL AND CHRONOLOGICAL STUDIES
Newton owned more books on humanistic learning than on mathematics and science; all his life he studied them deeply. His unpublished "classical scholia"—explanatory notes intended for use in a future edition of the Principia—reveal his knowledge of pre-Socratic philosophy; he read the Fathers of the Church even more deeply. Newton sought to reconcile Greek mythology and record with the Bible, considered the prime authority on the early history of mankind. In his work on chronology he undertook to make Jewish and pagan dates compatible, and to fix them absolutely from an astronomical argument about the earliest constellation figures devised by the Greeks. He put the fall of Troy at 904 BC, about 500 years later than other scholars; this was not well received.
VII RELIGIOUS CONVICTIONS AND PERSONALITY
Newton also wrote on Judaeo-Christian prophecy, whose decipherment was essential, he thought, to the understanding of God. His book on the subject, which was reprinted well into the Victorian Age, represented lifelong study. Its message was that Christianity went astray in the 4th century AD, when the first Council of Nicaea propounded erroneous doctrines of the nature of Christ. The full extent of Newton's unorthodoxy was recognized only in the present century: but although a critic of accepted Trinitarian dogmas and the Council of Nicaea, he possessed a deep religious sense, venerated the Bible and accepted its account of creation. In late editions of his scientific works he expressed a strong sense of God's providential role in nature.
VIII PUBLICATIONS
Newton published an edition of Geographia generalis by the German geographer Varenius in 1672. His own letters on optics appeared in print from 1672 to 1676. Then he published nothing until the Principia (published in Latin in 1687; revised in 1713 and 1726; and translated into English in 1729). This was followed by Opticks in 1704; a revised edition in Latin appeared in 1706. Posthumously published writings include The Chronology of Ancient Kingdoms Amended (1728), The System of the World (1728), the first draft of Book III of the Principia, and Observations upon the Prophecies of Daniel and the Apocalypse of St John (1733).
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这已经是高度概括了.你看什么地方你能用上就截取一下吧.
谁有霍金的英文介绍？
Biography:
Stephen William Hawking was born on 8 January 1942 (300 years after the death of Galileo) in Oxford, England. His parents' house was in north London, but during the second world war Oxford was considered a safer place to have babies. When he was eight, his family moved to St Albans, a town about 20 miles north of London. At eleven Stephen went to St Albans School, and then on to University College, Oxford, his father's old college. Stephen wanted to do Mathematics, although his father would have preferred medicine. Mathematics was not available at University College, so he did Physics instead. After three years and not very much work he was awarded a first class honours degree in Natural Science.
Stephen then went on to Cambridge to do research in Cosmology, there being no-one working in that area in Oxford at the time. His supervisor was Denis Sciama, although he had hoped to get Fred Hoyle who was working in Cambridge. After gaining his Ph.D. he became first a Research Fellow, and later on a Professorial Fellow at Gonville and Caius College. After leaving the Institute of Astronomy in 1973 Stephen came to the Department of Applied Mathematics and Theoretical Physics, and since 1979 has held the post of Lucasian Professor of Mathematics. The chair was founded in 1663 with money left in the will of the Reverend Henry Lucas, who had been the Member of Parliament for the University. It was first held by Isaac Barrow, and then in 1669 by Isaac Newton.
Stephen Hawking has worked on the basic laws which govern the universe. With Roger Penrose he showed that Einstein's General Theory of Relativity implied space and time would have a beginning in the Big Bang and an end in black holes. These results indicated it was necessary to unify General Relativity with Quantum Theory, the other great Scientific development of the first half of the 20th Century. One consequence of such a unification that he discovered was that black holes should not be completely black, but should emit radiation and eventually evaporate and disappear. Another conjecture is that the universe has no edge or boundary in imaginary time. This would imply that the way the universe began was completely determined by the laws of science.
His many publications include The Large Scale Structure of Spacetime with G F R Ellis, General Relativity: An Einstein Centenary Survey, with W Israel, and 300 Years of Gravity, with W Israel. Stephen Hawking has three popular books published; his best seller A Brief History of Time, Black Holes and Baby Universes and Other Essays and most recently in 2001, The Universe in a Nutshell.
Professor Hawking has twelve honorary degrees, was awarded the CBE in 1982, and was made a Companion of Honour in 1989. He is the recipient of many awards, medals and prizes and is a Fellow of The Royal Society and a Member of the US National Academy of Sciences.
Stephen Hawking continues to combine family life (he has three children and one grandchild), and his research into theoretical physics together with an extensive programme of travel and public lectures.
生平简介：
斯蒂芬·霍金教授是当代享有盛誉的伟人之一，被称为在世的最伟大的科学家，当今的爱因斯坦。他在统一20世纪物理学的两大基础理论—爱因斯坦的相对论和普朗克的量子论方面走出了重要一步。1989年获得英国爵士荣誉称号。他是英国皇家学会学员和美国科学院外籍院士。
霍金教授1942年出生于英国牛津，这一天正好是伽利略的300年忌日。1963年，霍金教授被诊断患有肌肉萎缩症，即运动神经病。1965年获得理论物 理学博士学位。1974年3月1日，霍金教授在《自然》上发表论文，阐述了自己的新发现—黑洞是有辐射的。在几个星期内，全世界的物理学家都在讨论他的研 究工作（霍金所指的辐射被称为霍金辐射）。霍金的新发现，被认为是多年来理论物理学最重要的进展。该论文被称为“物理学史上最深刻的论文之一”。1975 —1976年间，在其获得6项大奖中有伦敦皇家天文学会的埃丁顿勋章、梵蒂冈教皇科学学会十一世勋章、霍普金斯奖、美国丹尼欧海涅曼奖、马克斯韦奖和英国 皇家学会的休斯勋章。1978年他获得物理界最有威望的大奖—阿尔伯特·爱因斯坦奖。1979年，被任命为著名的、曾一度为牛顿所任的剑桥大学卢卡逊数学 教授。1988年，霍金的惊世之著《时间简史：从大爆炸到黑洞》（A Brief History of Time：from the Big Bang to Black Holes）发行。从研究黑洞出发，探索了宇宙的起源和归宿，解答了人类有史以来一直探索的问题：时间有没有开端，空间有没有边界。这是人类科学史上里程 碑式的佳作。该书被译成40余种文字，出版了1000余万册。霍金教授的通俗演讲在国际上也享有盛誉，他的足迹遍布世界各地。他试图通过自己的书籍和通俗 演讲，将自己的思想与整个世界交流。2000年初，霍金在美国白宫做了演讲，这是世界之夜（Millenium Evenings）活动的一部分，克林顿总统亲切会见他并向他表示祝贺。2001年10月又一部力作《The Universe in a Nutshell》出版发行。该书是《时间简史》的姐妹篇。在该书中，霍金揭示了自《时间简史》发表以来，理论物理学的伟大突破。
1942-1-8：出生于英国牛津。
1963：被诊断出肌萎缩性侧索硬化症。
1973：首部著作《空时的大型结构》出版。
1974：宣布发现黑洞辐射，成为英国皇家学会会员。
1979：《广义相对论评述：纪念爱因斯坦百年诞辰》出版。
1985：失去语言能力，使用带语音合成器的计算机。
1988：《时间简史：从大爆炸到黑洞》获沃尔夫基金奖。至今销售2500万册。
1993：《黑洞与婴儿宇宙及其它论文》出版。
L8-U3-P1 英语流利说 8-3-1 懂你英语 Level8 Unit3 Part1：Evolving Our Bodies
Here's a question that matters.
Right? Because we're beginning to get all the tools together to evolve ourselves.
And we can evolve bacteria and we can evolve plants and we can evolve animals,
and we're now reaching a point where we really have to ask, is it really ethical and do we want to evolve human beings?
And as you're thinking about that, let me talk about that in the context of prosthetics, prosthetics past, present, future.
So this is the iron hand that belonged to one of the German counts.
Loved to fight, lost his arm in one of these battles.
No problem, he just made a suit of armor, put it on, perfect prosthetic.
That's where the concept of ruling with an iron fist comes from.
And of course these prosthetics have been getting more and more useful, more and more modern. You can hold soft-boiled eggs.
You can have all types of controls, and as you're thinking about that,
there are wonderful people like Hugh Herr who have been building absolutely extraordinary prosthetics. 弯物
So the wonderful Aimee Mullins will go out and say, how tall do I want to be tonight?
Or he will say what type of cliff do I want to climb?
Or does somebody want to run a marathon, or does somebody want to ballroom dance? 卖岩
And as you adapt these things, the interesting thing about prosthetics is they've been coming inside the body.
So these external prosthetics have now become artificial knees. They've become artificial hips.
And then they've evolved further to become not just nice to have but essential to have.
So when you're talking about a heart pacemaker as a prosthetic,
you're talking about something that isn't just, " I'中闹御m missing my leg,"
it's, "if I don't have this, I can die."
And at that point, a prosthetic becomes a symbiotic relationship with the human body.
And four of the smartest people that I've ever met -- Ed Boyden, Hugh Herr, Joe Jacobson, Bob Lander -- are working on a Center for Extreme Bionics.
And the interesting thing of what you're seeing here is these prosthetics now get integrated into the bone. They get integrated into the skin. They get integrated into the muscle.
And one of the other sides of Ed is he's been thinking about how to connect the brain using light or other mechanisms directly to things like these prosthetics.
And if you can do that, then you can begin changing fundamental aspects of humanity.
So how quickly you react to something depends on the diameter of a nerve.
And of course, if you have nerves that are external or prosthetic, say with light or liquid metal,
then you can increase that diameter and you could even increase it theoretically to the point where,
as long as you could see the muzzle flash, you could step out of the way of a bullet.
Those are the order of magnitude of changes you're talking about.
This is a fourth sort of level of prosthetics. These are Phonak hearing aids,
and the reason why these are so interesting is because they cross the threshold from where prosthetics are something for somebody who is " disabled "
and they become something that somebody who is "normal" might want to actually have,
because what this prosthetic does, which is really interesting, is not only does it help you hear ,
you can focus your hearing, so it can hear the conversation going on over there.
You can have superhearing. You can have hearing in 360 degrees. You can have white noise. You can record, and oh, by the way, they also put a phone into this.
So this functions as your hearing aid and also as your phone.
And at that point, somebody might actually want to have a prosthetic voluntarily.
All of these thousands of loosely connected little pieces are coming together ,
and it's about time we ask the question, how do we want to evolve human beings over the next century or two?
And for that we turn to a great philosopher
who was a very smart man despite being a Yankee fan.
And Yogi Berra used to say, of course, that it's very tough to make predictions, especially about the future.
So instead of making a prediction about the future to begin with, let's take what's happening in the present with people like Tony Atala,
who is redesigning 30-some-odd organs.
And maybe the ultimate prosthetic isn't having something external, titanium. Maybe the ultimate prosthetic is take your own gene code,
remake your own body parts, because that's a whole lot more effective than any kind of a prosthetic.
But while you're at it, then you can take the work of Craig Venter and Ham Smith.
And one of the things that we've been doing is trying to figure out how to reprogram cells.
And if you can reprogram a cell, then you can change the cells in those organs.
So if you can change the cells in those organs, maybe you make those organs more radiation-resistant. Maybe you make them absorb more oxygen. Maybe you make them more efficient to filter out stuff that you don't want in your body.
And over the last few weeks, George Church has been in the news a lot
because he's been talking about taking one of these programmable cells and inserting an entire human genome into that cell.
And once you can insert an entire human genome into a cell, then you begin to ask the question, would you want to enhance any of that genome?
Do you want to enhance a human body?
How would you want to enhance a human body?
Where is it ethical to enhance a human body and where is it not ethical to enhance a human body?
And all of a sudden, what we're doing is we've got this multidimensional chess board
where we can change human genetics by using viruses to attack things like AIDS,
or we can change the gene code through gene therapy to do away with some hereditary diseases, or we can change the environment,
and change the expression of those genes in the epigenome and pass that on to the next generations.
And all of a sudden , it's not just one little bit, it's all these stacked little bits
that allow you to take little portions of it until all the portions coming together lead you to something that's very different.
And a lot of people are very scared by this stuff.
And it does sound scary, and there are risks to this stuff.
So why in the world would you ever want to do this stuff?
Why would we really want to alter the human body in a fundamental way?
The answer lies in part with Lord Rees, astronomer royal of Great Britain.
And one of his favorite sayings is the universe is 100 percent malevolent.
So what does that mean? It means if you take any one of your bodies at random, drop it anywhere in the universe, drop it in space, you die.
Drop it on the Sun, you die. Drop it on the surface of Mercury, you die. Drop it near a supernova, you die.
But fortunately, it's only about 80 percent effective.
So as a great physicist once said, there's these little upstream eddies of biology that create order in this rapid torrent of entropy.
So as the universe dissipates energy, there's these upstream eddies that create biological order.
Now, the problem with eddies is, they tend to disappear. They shift. They move in rivers.
And because of that, when an eddy shifts, when the Earth becomes a snowball, when the Earth becomes very hot, when the Earth gets hit by an asteroid,
when you have supervolcanoes, when you have solar flares,
when you have potentially extinction-level events like the next election --
then all of a sudden, you can have periodic extinctions.
And by the way, that's happened five times on Earth,
and therefore it is very likely that the human species on Earth is going to go extinct someday.
Not next week, not next month, maybe in November, but maybe 10,000 years after that.
As you're thinking of the consequence of that,
if you believe that extinctions are common and natural and normal and occur periodically,
it becomes a moral imperative to diversify our species.
And it becomes a moral imperative because
it's going to be really hard to live on Mars if we don't fundamentally modify the human body. Right?
You go from one cell, mom and dad coming together to make one cell, in a cascade to 10 trillion cells.
We don't know, if you change the gravity substantially, if the same thing will happen to create your body.
We do know that if you expose our bodies as they currently are to a lot of radiation, we will die.
So as you're thinking of that, you have to really redesign things just to get to Mars.
Forget about the moons of Neptune or Jupiter.
And to borrow from Nikolai Kardashev, let's think about life in a series of scales.
So Life One civilization is a civilization that begins to alter his or her looks.
And we've been doing that for thousands of years.
You've got tummy tucks and you've got this and you've got that.
You alter your looks and I'm told that not all of those alterations take place for medical reasons.
Seems odd.
A Life Two civilization is a different civilization.
A Life Two civilization alters fundamental aspects of the body.
So you put human growth hormone in, the person grows taller, or you put x in and the person gets fatter or loses metabolism or does a whole series of things,
but you're altering the functions in a fundamental way.
To become an intrasolar civilization, we're going to have to create a Life Three civilization,
and that looks very different from what we've got here.
Maybe you splice in Deinococcus radiodurans so that the cells can resplice after a lot of exposure to radiation.
Maybe you breathe by having oxygen flow through your blood instead of through your lungs.
But you're talking about really radical redesigns
and one of the interesting things that's happened in the last decade is we've discovered a whole lot of planets out there.
And some of them may be Earth-like.
The problem is, if we ever want to get to these planets, the fastest human objects
-- Juno and Voyager and the rest of this stuff -- take tens of thousands of years to get from here to the nearest solar system.
So if you want to start exploring beaches somewhere else,
or you want to see two-sun sunsets, then you're talking about something that is very different,
because you have to change the timescale and the body of humans in ways which may be absolutely unrecognizable.
And that's a Life Four civilization.
Now, we can't even begin to imagine what that might look like, but we're beginning to get glimpses of instruments that might take us even that far.
And let me give you two examples. So this is the wonderful Floyd Romesberg,
and one of the things that Floyd's been doing is he's been playing with the basic chemistry of life.
So all life on this planet is made in ATCGs, the four letters of DNA.
All bacteria, all plants, all animals, all humans, all cows, everything else.
And what Floyd did is he changed out two of those base pairs, so it's ATXY.
And that means that you now have a parallel system to make life, to make babies, to reproduce, to evolve,
that doesn't mate with most things on Earth or in fact maybe with nothing on Earth.
Maybe you make plants that are immune to all bacteria. Maybe you make plants that are immune to all viruses.
But why is that so interesting? It means that we are not a unique solution.
It means you can create alternate chemistries to us that could be chemistries adaptable to a very different planet that could create life and heredity.
The second experiment, or the other implication of this experiment, is that all of you, all life is based on 20 amino acids.
If you don't substitute two amino acids, if you don't say ATXY, if you say ATCG + XY, then you go from 20 building blocks to 172,
and all of a sudden you've got 172 building blocks of amino acids to build life-forms in very different shapes.
The second experiment to think about is a really weird experiment that's been taking place in China.
So this guy has been transplanting hundreds of mouse heads. Right?
And why is that an interesting experiment?
Well, think of the first heart transplants.
One of the things they used to do is they used to bring in the wife or the daughter of the donor
so the donee could tell the doctors, "Do you recognize this person? Do you love this person? Do you feel anything for this person?"
We laugh about that today.
We laugh because we know the heart is a muscle, but for hundreds of thousands of years, or tens of thousands of years,
"I gave her my heart. She took my heart. She broke my heart." We thought this was emotion
and we thought maybe emotions were transplanted with the heart. Nope.
So how about the brain? Two possible outcomes to this experiment.
If you can get a mouse that is functional, then you can see, is the new brain a blank slate?
And boy, does that have implications.
Second option: the new mouse recognizes Minnie Mouse.
The new mouse remembers what it's afraid of, remembers how to navigate the maze,
and if that is true, then you can transplant memory and consciousness.
And then the really interesting question is, if you can transplant this, is the only input-output mechanism this down here?
Or could you transplant that consciousness into something that would be very different,
that would last in space, that would last tens of thousands of years, that would be a completely redesigned body that could hold consciousness for a long, long period of time?
And let's come back to the first question: why would you ever want to do that?
Well, I'll tell you why. Because this is the ultimate selfie.
This is taken from six billion miles away, and that's Earth.
And that's all of us. And if that little thing goes, all of humanity goes.
And the reason you want to alter the human body is because you eventually want a picture that says,
that's us, and that's us, and that's us, because that's the way humanity survives long-term extinction.
And that's the reason why it turns out it's actually unethical not to evolve the human body
even though it can be scary, even though it can be challenging,
but it's what's going to allow us to explore, live, and get to places we can't even dream of today,
but which our great-great-great-great- grandchildren might someday.
Thank you very much.
求塞纳河和卢浮宫的英文介绍
Introduction of La Seine
The Seine (pronounced [sɛn] in French) is a slow flowing major river and commercial waterway within the regions of Île-de-France and Haute-Normandie in France and famous as a romantic backdrop in photographs of Paris, France. It is also a tourist attraction, with excursion boats offering sightseeing tours of the Rive Droite and Rive Gauche within the city of Paris. It terminates in the Bay of the Seine region of the English Channel and is navigable by oceanic transports about ten percent of its length to Rouen, 120 km (75 miles) from the sea, whereas over sixty percent of its length from Burgundy near the Swiss Alps is negotiable by commercial riverboats and nearly its whole length is available for recreational boating.
There are 37 bridges over the River Seine just within Paris and dozens more spanning the river outside of the city. Examples in Paris include the Pont Louis-Philippe and Pont Neuf, the latter which dates back to 1607. Outside of the city, examples include the Pont de Normandie, one of the longest cable-stayed bridges in the world, which links Le Havre to Honfleur.
Introduction to Louvre Museum
is a historic monument in Paris and the national museum of France. It is a central landmark of the city, located on the Right Bank of the Seine in the 1st arrondissement (neighbourhood). It's the most visited museum in the world and arguably the most famous one. Nearly 35,000 objects from the 6th millennium BC to the 19th century AD are exhibited over an area of 60,600 square metres (652,300 square feet).
The museum is housed in the Louvre Palace (Palais du Louvre) which began as a fortress built in the late 12th century under Philip II. Remnants of the fortress are still visible. The building was extended many times to form the present Louvre Palace. In 1672, Louis XIV chose the Palace of Versailles for his household, leaving the Louvre primarily as a place to display the royal collection, including, from 1692, a collection of antique sculpture.In 1692, the building was occupied by the Académie des Inscriptions et Belles Lettres and the Académie Royale de Peinture et de Sculpture, which in 1699 held the first of a series of salons. The Académie remained at the Louvre for 100 years.During the French Revolution, the National Assembly decreed that the Louvre should be used as a museum, to display the nation's masterpieces.
The Louvre Palace is an almost rectangular structure, composed of the square Cour Carrée and two wings which wrap the Cour Napoléon to the north and south. In the heart of the complex is the Louvre Pyramid, above the visitor's center. The museum is divided into three wings: the Sully Wing to the east, which contains the Cour Carrée and the oldest parts of the Louvre; the Richelieu Wing to the north; and the Denon Wing, which borders the Seine to the south.
The Greek, Etruscan, and Roman department displays pieces from the Mediterranean Basin dating from the Neolithic to the 6th century CE.The collection spans from the Cycladic period to the decline of the Roman Empire. This department is one of the museum's oldest; it began with appropriated royal art, some of which was acquired under Francis I.Initially, the collection focused on marble sculptures, such as the Venus de Milo. Works such as the Apollo Belvedere arrived during the Napoleonic Wars, but these pieces were returned after Napoleon I's fall in 1815. In the 19th century, the Louvre acquired works including vases from the Durand collection, bronzes such as the Borghese Vase from the Bibliothèque nationale.
The archaic is demonstrated by jewellery and pieces such as the limestone Lady of Auxerre, from 640 BCE; and the cylindrical Hera of Samos, circa 570–560 BCE.After the 4th century BCE, focus on the human form increased, exemplified by the Borghese Gladiator. The Louvre holds masterpieces from the Hellenistic era, including The Winged Victory of Samothrace (190 BCE) and the Venus de Milo, symbolic of classical art.In the galleries paralleling the Seine, much of the museum's Roman sculpture is displayed. The Roman portraiture is representative of that genre; examples include the portraits of Agrippa and Annius Verus; among the bronzes is the Greek Apollo of Piombino.
The painting collection has more than 6,000 works from the 13th century to 1848 and is managed by 12 curators who oversee the collection's display. Nearly two-thirds are by French artists, and more than 1,200 are Northern European. The Italian paintings compose most of the remnants of Francis I and Louis XIV's collections, others are unreturned artwork from the Napoleon era, and some were bought.The collection began with Francis, who acquired works from Italian masters such as Raphael and Michelangelo,and brought Leonardo da Vinci to his court. After the French Revolution, the Royal Collection formed the nucleus of the Louvre. When the d'Orsay train station was converted into the Musée d'Orsay in 1986, the collection was split, and pieces completed after the 1848 Revolution were moved to the new museum. French and Northern European works are in the Richelieu wing and Cour Carrée; Spanish and Italian paintings are on the first floor of the Denon wing.
Exemplifying the French School are the early Avignon Pieta of Enguerrand Quarton; Jean Fouquet's King Jean le Bon, the oldest independent portrait in Western painting to survive from the postclassical era; Hyacinthe Rigaud's Louis XIV; Jacques-Louis David's The Coronation of Napoleon; and Eugène Delacroix's Liberty Leading the People. Northern European works include Johannes Vermeer's The Lacemaker and The Astronomer; Caspar David Friedrich's Tree of Crows; Rembrandt's The Supper at Emmaus, Bathsheba at Her Bath, and The Slaughtered Ox.
The Italian holdings are notable, particularly the Renaissance collection. The works include Andrea Mantegna and Giovanni Bellini's Calvarys, which reflect realism and detail "meant to depict the significant events of a greater spiritual world". The High Renaissance collection includes Leonardo da Vinci's Mona Lisa, Virgin and Child with St. Anne, St. John the Baptist, and Madonna of the Rocks. Caravaggio is represented by The Fortune Teller and Death of the Virgin. From 16th century Venice, the Louvre displays Titian's Le Concert Champetre, The Entombment and The Crowning with Thorns.
外研版高中英语必修2单词表
一
diet 饮食;日常食物
fat 脂肪
fit 健康的；强壮的
flu 流行性感冒
rare 稀少的；罕有的
toothache 牙痛
unhealthy 不健康的
wealthy 富裕的
rarely 稀少的
proverb 谚语
anxious 焦虑的
captain 队长
ingure 伤害
ingury 伤害
pain 疼痛
painfur 疼痛的
normal 正常的
lifestyle 生活方式
head 朝~~方向前进
eye 注视；观看
overweight 太胖的；超重的
lung 肺子
throat 喉咙；咽喉；嗓子
breathe 呼吸
pneumonra 肺炎
prescription 处方
symptom 症状
X-ray X-光
awfur 可怕的；吓人的
insurance 保险
questionnaire 问卷调查；调查表
二
drug 毒品；药品
bronchitis 支气管炎
cancer 癌症
cigarette 香烟
tobacco 烟草；烟丝
addictive (药物等)上瘾的
cannabis 大麻
cocaine 可卡因
danger 危险
addict 对（药物等）上瘾的人；瘾君子
inject 注射
needle （注射用的）针；针管
powerful 有力的；（药等）有功效的
reduce 减少
nearby 附近的
burglary 盗窃；窃案；盗窃罪
crime 罪行；犯罪行为
criminal 罪犯
connection 联系；关系；关联
illegal 违法的；不合法的
ratio 比；比率
shoplifting 逛商店时偷窃商品的行为
treatment 治疗
likely 可能的
adult 成人
cafe 咖啡馆；餐馆
disagree 不同意；意见不合
ban 禁止
horrible 令人不快的；极讨厌的
affect 影响；对~~有坏影响
participant 参与者；参加者
recognise 认识；认知；认出
leaflet 传单；印刷品
distraction 分心；分散注意力
jogging 慢跑
gymnastic 体操的
三
audience 听众
choir （教堂里的）唱诗班；合唱队
classical 古典音乐
composer 作曲家
conductor 指挥
jazz 爵士乐
musician 音乐家
orchestra 管弦乐队（团）
saxophone 萨克斯管
court 宫廷
director 指挥
genius 天才
lose 失去；丢失
musical 音乐的
peasant 农民
symphony 交响乐；交响曲；交响乐团
talent 天分；天赋；才华
Austria 奥地利
Austrian 奥地利喊皮租的
prince 王子；亲王
compose 作曲；创作
tour 巡回演出
album 专辑
ballad 民歌；民谣；（伤感的）郑兆情歌
band 乐队
catchy 动人的
complex 复杂的
influence 影响
lyrics （复）歌词
solo 独奏的
tune 曲调
record 录音
lecturer （大学的）讲师
mix 使混合
四
like 爱好；嗜好
dislike 憎恶；不喜欢
artist 艺术家
colourful 彩色的
contemporary 当代的
delightful 令人愉快的；可爱的
drawing 图画
paint 绘画；(用颜料）画
painter 画家
painting 绘画；油画
scene 景色；风景
traditional 传统的；习俗的
alive 有活力的；有生气的
aspect 方面
imitate 临摹；仿造；模仿；仿效
observe 观察；注意到
reality 真实；现实；逼真
style 风格
adopt 采纳；采用
aim 以~~为目标；打算；意欲
stand 忍受
unusual 不寻常的；非凡的
exhibition 展览
expression 表现；表达
landscape 风景；景色；风景画；山水画
portrait 画握薯像；肖像；人像
relise 领悟；了解；现实；实行
realistic 现实主义的；写实主义的
watercolour 水彩画
destroy 破坏；毁坏
五
headline （新闻报道等的）标题
photograph 照片
celebrity 名人
economy 经济
politics 政治
photographer 摄影师
cosmonaut 宇航员
navigator 领航员；（飞机的）驾驶员
taikonaut 太空人；宇航员
universe 宇宙
sailor 船员；水手
orbit 轨道；绕轨道飞行
capsule 太空舱
flight 飞行；班机
congratulation 祝贺
aboard 在船（飞机、火车、公共汽车）上
welcome 欢迎
historical 历史性的
achievement 成就；功业；伟绩
replace 代替；取代
alien 外星人
amateur 业余的
astronomer 天文学家
autograph 亲笔签名
delighted 高兴的；快乐的
fan （电影等的）迷
spaceship 宇宙飞船
telescope 望远镜
actor 演员
backstage 在后台
part 角色
politician 政治家
belief 信念；信条
disbelief 不信；怀疑；疑惑
evidence 证据
cultural 文化的
financial 金融的
review 评论
royal 皇家的；皇室的
found 创立；建立
produce 创作
六
poster 海报
thriller 充满刺激的电影
comedy 喜剧
sword 剑
actress 女演员
character 角色；人物
female 女的；女性的
male 男的；男性的
masterpiece 杰作
fiance 未婚夫
rooftop 屋顶
leap 跳跃；飞跃
graceful 优美的；优雅的
interest 使感兴趣
brave 勇敢的
moving 感人的
occasionally 有时；偶尔
ad 广告
argue 争论
channel 频道
entertaining 有趣的；令人愉快的
telly （非正式）电视
drama 戏剧
plot 情节
setting （小说、戏剧、电影的）背景
shark 鲨鱼
section 部分；节
改为定语从句并且翻译
1. We soon lost sight of the famous astronomer who is named Li Qiang.
我们很快就看不见名叫李强的宇航员了。
2. I am going to buy the painting that is copied from Vincent van Gogh.
我打算买下那帐仿文森特凡高的油画。
3. I like that old private house that is built of wood and mud.
我喜欢土木建筑风格的旧式私有房子。
4. The room that is connected to the rest of the house by a long passage is completely empty.
由一条长长的走廊与房子其他房间相连的那个房间空空的。
5. The queen was sitting in a royal carriage that was drawn by four horses.
女王乘坐着由四匹马拉着的皇家马车上。
6. The vehicle which is unknown to me is mentioned in the book.
书中提到的那辆车是我所不熟悉的。
7. The castle that was built in 1432 is under repair.
1432年修建的城堡正在修缮之晌谨中简此。拦谨迅