全文小结：
- 1、the difference between competence and performance! 语言学方面的问题！
- 2、Performance 和Parole 的区别是什么？Competence和Langue呢？英语语言学选择题如下。
- 3、competence-grammar和performance-grammar的具体含义与区分
- 4、英语语言学的competence与performance的区别
- 5、competence和performance是谁提出来的
the difference between competence and performance! 语言学方面的问题！
The limitations of current language processing systems are not surprising: they follow immediately from the fact that these systems are built on a competence-grammar in the Chomskyan sense. As mentioned above, Chomsky made an emphatic distinction between the "competence" of a language user and the "performance" of this language user. The competence consists in the knowledge of language which the language user in principle has; the performance is the result of the psychological process that employs this knowledge (in producing or in interpreting language utterances).
The formal grammars that theoretical linguistics is concerned with, aim at characterising the competence of the language user. But the preferences that language users display in dealing with syntactically ambiguous sentences constitute a prototypical example of a phenomenon that in the Chomskyan view belongs to the realm of performance.
The ambiguity-problem discussed above follows from an intrinsic limitation of linguistic competence-grammars: such grammars define the sentences of a language and the corresponding structural analyses, but they do not specify a probability ordering or any other ranking between the different sentences or between the different analyses of one sentence. This limitation is even more serious when a grammar is used for processing input which frequently contains mistakes. Such a situation occurs in processing spoken language. The output of a speech recognition system is always very imperfect, because such a system often only makes guesses about the identity of its input-words. In this situation the parsing mechanism has an additional task, which it doesn't have in dealing with correctly typed alpha-numeric input. The speech recognition module may discern several alternative word sequences in the input signal; only one of these is correct, and the parsing-module must employ its syntactic information to arrive at an optimal decision about the nature of the input. A simple yes/no judgment about the grammaticality of a word sequence is insufficient for this purpose: many word sequences are strictly speaking grammatical but very implausible; and the number of word sequences of this kind gets larger when a grammar accounts for a larger number of phenomena.
To construct effective language processing systems, we must therefore implement performance-grammars rather than competence-grammars. These performance-grammars must not only contain information about the structural possibilities of the general language system, but also about "accidental" details of the actual language use in a language community, which determine the language experiences of an individual, and thereby influence what kind of utterances this individual expects to encounter, and what structures and meanings these utterances are expected to have.
The linguistic perspective on performance involves the implicit assumption that language behaviour can be accounted for by a system that comprises a competence-grammar as an identifiable sub-component. But because of the ambiguity problem this assumption is computationally unattractive: if we would find criteria to prefer certain syntactic analyses above others, the efficiency of the whole process might benefit if these criteria were applied in an early stage, integrated with the strictly syntactic rules. This would amount to an integrated implementation of competence- and performance-notions.
But we can also go one step further, and fundamentally question the customary concept of a competence-grammar. We can try to account for language-performance without invoking an explicit competence-grammar. (This would mean that grammaticality-judgments are to be accounted for as performance phenomena which do not have a different cognitive status than other performance phenomena.) This is the idea that I want to work out somewhat more concretely now. Later (in section 7) I will return to the possible theoretical merits of this point of view.
Performance 和Parole 的区别是什么？Competence和Langue呢？英语语言学选择题如下。
选择：C. Langue
解析：本句的大体意思是“语言典范运用语言方式的明确实现和使用者在说蠢镇话时对运用方式规则的认知”
选项中的词义基本没有共同之处，题目的目的是考查对这句话的理解
Performance 指实行某事的行为或某事被稿拍实现的过程（即执行）
Parole 指由执法人员用一段时间对其进行定期观察，如果其行为连续合乎法律则可予以释放（即假释）
Competence指足以胜任或非常合格的状态或性质（即能力）或法律所赋予的作出键档羡某一行为的权力的性质或状态（即权限）
Langue 指由特定人群使用的包括单词、语法和发音的语言系统
competence-grammar和performance-grammar的具体含义与区分
competence grammar 的话指的是一个speaker的整个运用语法的能力，比如他/她会多少语法规则，对这些规则掌握汪指的如备迟何。
performance grammar指的是一个speaker在说话和书写过程中实际运用的语法，因为仿陵李speaker可能也会在说话和写作过程中出现错误。所以performance指他们具体的运用。
以上
我自己对于这两个概念的解读，可能存在理解上的偏差。
英语语言学的competence与performance的区别
competence 是能力的意思，而performance是表仔枣现的意念谈拆思。
例如：His performance today does not reflect his competence at all.
他今天的表现没有体现出他的能力。
希望侍扒你能够满意！
competence和performance是谁提出来的
乔姆斯基提出的
Competence：在理想状态下，一个人运用语言的能力。Performance:一个人真正运用语言时的表现。
competencegrammar的话指的是一个speaker的整个运
艾弗拉姆·诺姆·乔姆斯基（AvramNoamChomsky，1928年12月7日—），美国哲学家。是麻省理工学院语言学的荣誉退休教授。乔姆斯基的《句法结构》被认为是20世纪理论语言学研究上最伟大的贡拦漏献。
艾弗拉姆·诺姆·乔姆斯基博士（AvramNoamChomsky，1928年12月7日—）是麻省理工学院语言学的荣誉退休教授。乔姆斯基的《生成语法》被认为是20世纪理论语言学研究上最伟大的贡献。他还通过对伯尔赫斯·弗雷德里克·斯金纳的《口头行为》的评论，发动了心理学的认知革命，挑战在1950年代占主导地位的行为主义者学习精神和语言的方式。他那自然的学习语言的方法也对语言和精神的哲学起了很大的影响。他的另一大成就是建立了乔姆斯基层级：根据文法生成力不同而对正则语言做的分类。乔姆斯基还因他对政治的热忱，尤其是他对美国和其它国家政府的批评而著名。乔姆斯基把自己归为自由社会主义者，并且是无政府工漏迟团主义的同情者。一般认为他是活跃在美国左翼政坛的著名主要知识分子。据返衡李艺术和人文引文索引说，在1980年到1992年，乔姆斯基是被文献引用数最多的健在学者，并是有史以来被引用数第8多的。